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13. Non-operating result

The non-operating result for 2008 was minus €1,188 million (2007: minus €920 million), comprising an equity-method loss of €62 million (2007: €45 million), non-operating expenses of €1,715 million (2007: €1,709 million) and non-operating income of €589 million (2007: €834 million). Details on the individual categories of the non-operating result are provided below.

13.1 Income (loss) from investments in affiliated companies

This comprised the following:

	2007	2008
	€ million	€ million
Net loss from investments in associates (equity-method loss)	(45)	(62)
Expenses
Write-downs of investments in affiliated companies	(27)	(13)
Losses from the sale of investments in affiliated companies	-	(7)
Income
Dividends from affiliated companies and income from profit and loss transfer agreements (net)	-	-
Gains from the sale of investments in affiliated companies	3	12
Total	(69)	(70)

The income from investments in affiliated companies mainly comprised an equity-method loss of €64 million (2007: €48 million) from two production joint ventures with Lyondell.

Further details of the companies included at equity in the consolidated financial statements are given in Note [19].

13.2 Interest expense

This comprised the following:

	2007	2008
	€ million	€ million
Expenses
Interest and similar expenses	(1,320)	(948)
Interest expenses for derivatives (held for trading)	(107)	(295)
Income
Other interest and similar income	612	171
Interest income from derivatives (held for trading)	114	370
Total	(701)	(702)

This item includes interest expense of €31 million (2007: €32 million) relating to non-financial liabilities and interest income of €13 million (2007: €1 million) from non-financial assets.

The portion of net income or loss attributable to non-controlling interest to which the company has a repayment obligation out of total assets is reflected in net interest expense. In this context pro-rated income of €18 million was recognized in interest expense for the year under report (2007: €2 million).

13.3 Other non-operating income and expense

Other non-operating income and expense comprised the following:

	2007	2008
	€ million	€ million
Expenses
Interest portion of interest-bearing provisions	(246)	(300)
Exchange loss	-	(79)
Miscellaneous non-operating expenses	(9)	(73)
Income
Exchange gain	88	-
Miscellaneous non-operating income	17	36
Total	(150)	(416)